Absolution of the Schrödinger's EscapeCAT

и     Distinction between the information and knowledge is very essential.
  An objective information, becoming a subjective knowledge, gets its sense, meaning. One and the same information that it snows, has the different, if not the opposite, sense for a skier and for a yard keeper. The initial information and these both its values, senses differ functionally, but not qualitatively. So, a chemical analysis will show no difference between a table and a chair (as well as planks used for making them) – wood is of the same quality.
  Besides, knowledge is the coded information. It is always put into words, by means of some language, and so the initial information can be restored, understood, decoded only at possession of this very language. But also language is of the same, mentalum nature, as information is. That is because information, knowledge, thought, sense are indistinguishable qualitatively.

  Just the overlap, combination of the concepts of information and knowledge (their non-distinction, identification, substitution for one by another) has brought Schrödinger (Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger, 1887-1961, – the Austrian physicist-theorist, the Nobel prize in physics (1933) winner) to the paradox (ostensibly physical!), continuing to be discussed already more than 70 years (since 1935).
  To learn, whether an atom of radioactive substance has decayed already (whether a cat has died – the state of В) or still not (the cat is alive – the state of А), is possible only by means of certain measurements. In a popular form (in an encyclopedia) the situation is described so:
  In a closed box a cat is placed. In the box there is a mechanism containing a radioactive (atomic) nucleus and a container with poisonous gas. Parameters of the experiment are picked up so, that probability of the nucleus decay in an 1 hour is 50%. If the nucleus decays, it makes the mechanism to act and the poison kills the cat. According to the quantum mechanics, if a nucleus is not observed, so its state is described by superposition (mixture) of both states – the decayed nucleus (В) and not decayed nucleus (А), hence, the cat sitting in the box is both alive and dead simultaneously ("in equal parts"; by Schrödinger’s himself expression – "absurden Mischzustand zwischen Tod und Leben" – an absurd mixed state between life and death – А.М.). But if a box is opened, so an experimenter must see only one concrete state – "the nucleus has decayed and the cat is dead" or "the nucleus has not decayed and the cat is alive".

  There are two (principle) mistakes here (besides some shallow ones).
1. The nucleus state is described not by superposition of two its states, but by the (Schrödinger’s) "wave function", which reflects the probability p (the mathematical – NOT physical ! – parameter) to find out the state А after measuring, or (that the same) the probability q = (1 – p) to find out the state В. And superposition is not the change of one state by another, and, all the more, not "mixture" of mutually excluding states, but overlapping of the several processes which are practically not mutually influencing (for example, sound and light vibrations) in the same place – in the same space (linear one, i.e. which itself does not change character of these processes) and at the same time.
2. The nucleus state (physical one – let it be А or В), as well as the information about this state, does not depend on a measurement process. But after the measurement the knowledge about the probabilities (p and q) of the states (А and В) is replaced by the knowledge about an actual state (whether А or В).

  It is possible, following logic of the author of this CAT (the worthy replacement for the escapeGOAT if even not of sins, so of mistakes), to offer also, with not less validity, "the paradox of a playing card":
let's put on a table a carefully reshuffled pack. The top card (as well as any other) becomes the "superposition (mixture)" of all (four) coat colours and simultaneously of all values (from the deuce up to the ace). And only after overturning (its opening), the card gets its concrete characteristics (the coat colour and the value).     и